← Fundamentals of Cryptography

Modes of operation, step by step

How a block cipher that only takes 16 bytes encrypts a whole message: ECB, CBC, CTR, CFB, OFB and GCM, with real AES-128 on your own text

Fundamentals of Cryptography · Ali Huseynli, Teaching Assistant · AzTU Cybersecurity Department · Fall 2026

Message
Key AES-128 = 32 hex digits
IV